学术英语中,我们有时以单数型态使用 “they”来指代性别未知或性别不明指的个体。随着时间推移,这种用法开始在期刊和作者中流行起来。
在写作中使用单数 “they” 有许多优点,例如,在指称个体时,若其代名词不明确或是该个体的性别与上下文无关时,您可以使用单数 “they” 来避免对个体性别的推想。单数 “they” 还有另一个优点,那就是能帮您避免代名词误用情况下出现性别主义偏见。举例来说,在过去常用 “he” 作为指代任何人的代名词。
另外,“she” 和 “he” 有角色上的差别,例如 “she” 用于指称护士,“he” 用于指称消防员。这些代名词通常使人们想到特定的性别。在学术论文的专业领域,此性别限定的措辞会在某些没有特定性别认同的读者中形成疏离感。因此,您可以使用单数 “they” 来削弱这类偏见或距离感。
以下给出单数 “they” 的使用范例:
- The patient’s gender was not specified. They expressed concerns about pain in the chest and stomach.
- We interviewed one participant. They stated that the intervention was enjoyable.
- Before a respondent is recruited, they must be provided with an informed consent form.
虽然有些作者偏好使用 “he or she” 或 “she or he”,但是这只适用于被指涉的个人确有这样的自我认同。
其他形式的单数 “they”
您可以视上下文及句法需求使用 “them、their、theirs” 和 “themselves”,而变化形的 “themselves” 也可以在单数个体时使用,不过现行常见形式还是 “themselves”。
下面提供正确使用不同形式的单数 “they” 范例:
- Each participant turned in their questionnaire.
- A child should learn to play by themselves (or themself) as well as with friends.
一般来说,任何句子都可以有多种书写方式。因此,若单数 “they” 在原有句构下显得笨拙,可以试试换句话说或是用复数主语将单数 “they” 的呈现方式换掉。然而,当使用 “they” 作为自己的代名词时,不要用其他版本替代。您必须用该人自我认同的代名词称呼。
在下表中,我们列出几则将单数 “they” 换掉的技巧。
改述 | |
原版 | 替代版 |
When a person undergoes psychotherapy, she can improve her emotional regulation. | Psychotherapy improves emotional regulation.
Therapy helps people improve their emotional regulation. |
使用复数名词或代名词 | |
原版 | 替代版 |
A therapist who is much like his client may lose his objectivity. | Therapists who are much like their clients may lose their objectivity. |
用冠词换掉代名词 | |
原版 | 替代版 |
The researcher must apply for his grant by October 10, 2022. | The researcher must apply for the grant by October 10. |
省掉代名词 | |
原版 | 替代版 |
The researcher must avoid letting her biases and expectations influence the interpretation of the results. | The researcher must avoid letting their biases and expectations influence the interpretation of the results. |